Clothing - Comparing US, UK and European Sizes

Comparing European, UK and US clothing, shoes, shirts and sweaters sizes

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Shoes

Women and men's shoe sizes are compared in the tables below:

Women's Shoes
US	UK	Euro	Japan
4	2 1/2	35	21.5
5	3 1/2	37	22.5
6	4 1/2	38	23.5
7	5 1/2	39	24.5
8	6 1/2	40	25.5
9	7 1/2	42	26.5

Men's Shoes
US	UK	Euro	Japan
7	5 1/2	39	24.5
8	6 1/2	41	25.5
9	7 1/2	42	26.5
10	8 1/2	43	27.5
11	9 1/2	45	28.5
12	10 1/2	46	29.5
13	11 1/2	47	30.5

Clothing

Women and men's clothing sizes are compared in the tables below:

Women's Clothing
US	UK	Euro
6	8	34
8	10	36
10	12	38
12	14	40
14	16	42
16	18	44
18	20	46
20	22	48

Men's Clothing
US/UK	Euro	cm
36	46	91
38	48	97
40	50	102
42	52	107
44	54	112

Children's Clothing
US	UK
3	3 - 4
4	4 - 5
5	6 - 7
6	7 - 8
7	8 - 9

Shirts

Men's shirt sizes are compared in the tables below:

Men's Shirts
US/UK	cm
14	37
15	38
15	39.5
16	41
16	42
17	43
17	44

Sweaters

Men's sweaters sizes are compared in the tables below:

Men's Sweaters
US	UK	Euro
small	34	44
medium	36 - 38	46 - 48
large	40	50
X large	42 - 44	52 - 54

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Calorie

A calorie (cal) is a unit of measurement for energy. It is today used mostly to indicate the amount of energy we obtain from a particular food. By definition, one calorie is the energy needed to increase the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 °C at 15 °C under standard atmospheric pressure (760 mmHg or 1013,25hPa). This unit of energy is equivalent to about 4.185 J.

In the United States, in nutrition and food labels, a different calorie is used, where the defining quantity of water is 1 kilogram, making the American "food calorie" 1000 times as large as the standard calorie. Hence, 1 calorie (nutrition) = 1 kcal = 1000 cal = 4.185 kJ, also called the large calorie.

The calorie is not an SI unit where the joule is the only unit of energy. The kilocalorie is still frequently used in chemistry because it is a convenient measure of molar free energy: for example, 1.4 kcal/mol engenders a change in equilibrium by a factor of 10.

Nutrition and food labels

The "calorie" has become a common household term, because dietitians recommend in cases of obesity to reduce body weight by increasing exercise (energy expenditure) and reducing energy intake. Many governments require food manufacturers to label the energy content of their products, to help consumers control their energy intake.

In Europe, manufacturers of prepackaged food must label the nutritional energy of their products in both kilocalories ("kcal") and kilojoules ("kJ"). In the United States, the equivalent mandatory labels display only "calories". Some European food-labeling regulations refer to the small gram-based calorie (= 4.185 J), as it is defined in international standards (such as ISO 31), while United States regulations use a 1000× larger kilogram-based definition of the calorie (= 4.185 kJ). While this difference continues to cause terminological confusion, due to the large factor between these two units, hardly any ambiguity arises in practice. In connection with food, prefixes are never used with the large, kilogram calories; they are always just "calories", and small, gram calories are never used without a prefix. Even people who use the kcal symbol, in Europe as elsewhere, often refer to those units as calories without a prefix.

Sporadic attempts have been made to write the kilocalorie capitalized as Calorie and abbreviated as Cal, to alleviate the confusion with the international standard gram-based calorie. However, this alternate notation has no legal standing, and is not endorsed by any standards body. It also doesn't work at all when the word calorie starts a sentence, nor when it is used in a list such as a nutrition label in which the first word on each line, such as "Total fat" and "Sodium", also start with capital letters.

The amount of food energy in a particular food could be measured by completely burning the dried food in a bomb calorimeter, a method known as direct calorimetry [1]. However, the values given on food labels are not determined this way, because it overestimates the amount of energy that the human digestive system can extract, by also burning dietary fibre. Instead, standardized chemical tests and an analysis of the recipe are used to estimate the product's digestable content of protein, carbohydrate and fat. The results of these tests are then converted into an equivalent energy value based on the conventional energy densities

• 9 kcal/g for fat,
• 7 kcal/g for ethanol (alcohol),
• 4 kcal/g for proteins,
• 4 kcal/g for carbohydrates,
• 3 kcal/g for organic acids,
• 2.4 kcal/g for polyols (sugar-free sweeteners).

Other substances found in food (water, non-digestable fibre, minerals, vitamins) do not contribute to this calculated energy density. The energy content of food is given on labels both for 100 g and for a typical service size.

Recommended daily energy intake values for young adults are 2500 kcal/d (10 MJ/d) for men and 2000 kcal/d (8 MJ/d) for women. Children, sedentary and older people require less energy, physically active people more.

Versions

Three definitions of the calorie are today recognized internationally:

Name	Symbol	Conversion factor	Remarks
15 °C calorie	cal15	1 cal15 = 4.1855 J	1 cal15 is the amount of heat (energy) required to warm 1 g of air-free water from 14.5 °C to 15.5 °C at a constant pressure of 101.325 kPa (1 atm). The conversion factor was published by the CIPM in 1950 as the most accurate value that could be determined by experiment at the time. It has an uncertainly of 0.0005 J.
I.T. calorie	calIT	1 calIT = 4.1868 J	The International Table calorie was adopted by the Fifth International Conference on Properties of Steam (London, July 1956), with 1 McalIT = 1.163 kWh (exactly).
thermochemical calorie	calth	1 calth = 4.184 J

Other historic definitions include

• the 4 °C calorie, and
• the mean 0 °C to 100 °C calorie.

Of all these, what is most commonly meant by calorie in contemporary English text is the 15 °C calorie. The nutritional kilocalorie or Calorie equals 1000 cal₁₅.

Since these many definitions are a source of confusion and error, all calories are now deprecated. The International System of Units (SI) unit for heat (and for all other forms of energy) is the joule (J), while the (obsolete) CGS system used the erg