North American types of Hazardous Area Protection
Dust-ignition proof, explosion proof, instrinsically safe and nonincendive
protection of hazardous areas
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Explosions of volatile liquids and gases resulting in severe fire
conflagrations are real hazards, involving high economic costs and often,
injury or loss of life.
The types of protection required for electrical components
in the areas depends on the risks involved. In general the types of protection
can be summarized to:
Dust-ignition proof
A dust ignition proof component prevents dust entering form
outside. Arcs, sparks and heat generated inside of the enclosure will not be
allowed ignite the exterior surroundings near the component.
Explosion proof
An explosion proof component is capable to keep an internal
explosion of a specific flammable air-vapor mixture within the component
enclosure without releasing burning or hot gases to the external environment
which may be potential explosive. The explosion proof equipment must also operate
below safe temperatures.
The potentially arcing parts are encapsulated in a
specially housing which is designed to prevent explosions:
·
Prevents
the entry of the hazardous material in potentially hazardous concentrations.
·
If
hazardous materials do manage to enter the encapsulation chamber, then the
chamber will be capable of containing any explosion or fire and preventing it
spreads outside the chamber to cause a secondary explosion.
Intrinsically Safe
An intrinsically safe component is incapable of releasing
sufficient electrical or thermal energy to cause ignition of a specific
hazardous substance under normal or abnormal (fault) operating conditions. (ISA-RP12.6
- Wiring Practices for Hazardous Area Instrumentation)
In simple terms this means that intrinsically safe
equipment and wiring limits electrical and thermal energy to a level below that
required to cause an explosion.
Intrinsic-safety equipment operates on low power level with
no shock hazard due to excess thermal energy and arcing. Safety barriers are
grounded to be effective under fault conditions; intrinsic safety is provided
through voltage and current limiters. Zener diodes and resistors that provide
this limiting are usually mounted away from hazardous areas. Failure to replace
enclosure covers or bolts will not imperil protection.
Intrinsically safe wiring must be separated from
non-intrinsically safe wiring by at least 2 inches in order to prevent the
transfer of unsafe levels of energy to the hazardous area and it is vital
therefore that planning and installation of such systems are undertaken with
utmost care and attention. Note! Intrinsically safety can be compromised after
initial installation due to improper maintenance or repair and it is important
to ensure such works are always carried out properly.
Nonincendive
A nonincendive component is nonsparking an incapable of
releasing sufficient electrical or thermal energy to cause ignition of a
hazardous substance under normal operating conditions.
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